This paper interrogates the connection between the level of internal party democracy which exists in Nigeria's Fourth Republic political parties and their propensity to become institutionalised. The objective is to unravel the reason for their inability to make effective contribution the deepening of democracy in the country. The paper is descriptive and conceptual. It got insights from secondary data which includes journal articles, national dailies, internet, magazines and textbooks. The data gathered were analysed under various themes. The paper contends that Nigeria's Fourth Republic political parties do not adhere to the tenets of internal party democracy, thus undermining the prospects of their institutionalisation and negates the performance of their democratic functions. The paper offers valuable suggestions that could enhance the level of internal party democracy in the parties, propel them towards institutionalisation and most fundamentally contribute optimally to the consolidation of democracy in the Fourth Republic and beyond.

The need to include students with learning disabilities (LD) together with mainstream students in general education is vital in providing equal opportunity for all students regardless of their disabilities in obtaining the same education. Therefore, the present study aims in investigating peer acceptance from the perspectives of LD students and mainstream students, together with gender difference between these two group of learners in an inclusive classroom in a primary school in Sungai Petani, Kedah, Malaysia. The sample of this study consisted of 30 primary students involved in the inclusive programme within an age range of 8-11 years old. Data were collected using Acceptance Scale for Kindergarten-Revised. The findings revealed that there was no significant difference between LD and mainstream students on peer acceptance. Meanwhile, the analysis on gender differences revealed that there was a significant difference between male and female mainstream students on peer acceptance of their LD peers, in which male students reported higher peer acceptance than female students. While no gender differences were found among LD students on peer acceptance of their mainstream peers. The findings demonstrated that LD students are accepted in an inclusive classroom, indicating that mainstream students are willing to learn and experience education process together with LD students.

This paper discusses the implications of personality cult leadership style in the Nigerian context. It sought to situate the work under discussion in a way that it contributes to the ongoing dialogues and debates, within the works of literary and visual artists who have sought to speak against personality cult phenomena. It uses the author’s sculptural woodwork titled, The King that Devours His People, a process-oriented studio exploration, produced as a visual metaphor using the joinery technique as a method. Thus, the instrumentalist essences of the studio project’s formal features are discussed in ways that draw out the implications of personality cult leadership style, especially, in the Nigerian setting. The generated visual imageries articulate the socio-political activities of leaders and its’ consequences on the led. It meteorologically addresses the man inhumanity to man perpetrated by the Nigerian leaders on the masses. It particularly focuses on mobilizing against personality cult syndrome. The project significantly rationalizes the history of Nigeria and her people who have been shaped by one form of leadership or another. Thus, the unique joinery method, that gave rise to the formal features shows how artistic media and processes is used as a metaphor to discuss the implications of personality cults as a way of interrogating the strength and limitations of the effect of personality cults within the Nigerian situation.

Covid-19 pandemic impact on food security and nutrition is a global occurrence that is increased domestically as well as economically. The impact of COVID-19 on food security and nutrition is harmful. The primary risk to food security is at the country level. Covid-19 pandemic has sparked health and economic crisis. The supply chain is disrupted due to the lockdown situation and unemployment in the country. Loss of incomes and remittances are creating immense food security risks in Pakistan. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of COVID-19 on food security and nutrition in Pakistan. People want fresh and healthier food but the food industry is unable to achieve challenges due to lack of resources and finance. The income level of the people became near to the ground due to lockdown in the country. People’s power of purchasing and spending on food is low, as a result, the demand for the product is fewer and the industry supply chain is being affected day by day. Due to the impact of COVID-19 and lockdown, the food insecurity grew up since there is an increase in daily base goods like fruit, milk, and vegetables, etc. The chance of food insecurity and depletion increased due to COVID-19 and lockdown. Thousand of deaths were reported in the world due to food insecurity and pandemic illness. The risk for food insecurity increases when money to buy food has limited The findings of the study show that the impact of COVID-19 on food security and nutrition is more rigorous and severe. Food insecurity affects the human life of young, old, children and pregnant women, etc.the reason is that food, nutrition, health, unemployment, and socio-economic outcomes are interlinked.

This paper aims to illustrate the issues of single mothers in practice parenting style to adolescents in Indonesia. Single mothers are a massive challenge to continue living with their children because they carry out multiple responsibilities, including childcare and the livelihood of their children. However, they have lost their dependence, inability to give birth to young children and in school using heavy stress including financial, psychological, stigma, social, and social problems in educating their children. To overcome the problems faced, single mothers need social support from the parties concerned. Therefore, this paper recommends to the relevant parties for each program that can assist single mothers who can be independent and various problems faced that squeeze life with their children.

In this paper I aim to explore the ideological and practical connections between citizenship and public education. Drawing from Marshall’s social citizenship I will attempt to explore the strands of ideas that facilitate or restrict the growth of social citizenship. The idea of global cosmopolitan citizenship and Deep citizenship will be of special interest to me and I shall attempt to locate the ethics behind them and how it ties up with public education. Questions of justice and equality and rights will be the ethical considerations that would form an undercurrent to my discussion on citizenship and education. Walzer, Agamben and Arendt’s ideas will be important in order to understand these dimensions. I will also attempt to briefly trace the evolution of the concept of mass education and public education and look at both nationalizing as well as globalizing tendencies in its history. While I will be looking at the educational policies of India, I shall focus on only those aspects of education in India that fit the general frame of the debates happening globally. Lastly, I will focus on the specific question of movement of both citizens and non-citizens and its relationship with public education. Given that education takes place over a decade of someone’s life informal movement has significant impact on the breaks and continuity in one’s education and in one’s perception of oneself as a member of a productive community that puts a premium value on education and educational qualifications while allowing for the exploitation of those without an education.

The objectives of this Research Project are to find out the differences between students’ writing achievement in state and private of junior high school and to identify the motivating factors that influence the difference between students’ English learning. The research method used is MMR (Mixed Method Approach). There are 66 students as the sample, 33 students from state and private school. The researcher analysis data by using t-test and questionnaire. The sig. 2-tailed is 0,012 while the significant level is at 5% level significance, which is 0,05. It indicates that there is a difference between students’ writing achievement in state and private school because the significance 2-tailed is less than the significant level (0,012 < 0,05). After the researcher analyzed the t-test, the researcher analyzed the questionnaire. The questionnaire is divided into two, internal factors and external factors. About 59% state school respondents gives positive responses toward internal factors while there is 51% private school respondents gives positive responses toward external factors.

 With unpredictable purposes, extremism in Pakistan has attracted considerable local and global attention, especially after 9/11. Due to war against terrorism, Pakistan has suffered tremendous losses both in terms of number of precious lives and billions of dollars in foreign investment; economic terrorism imposed by foreign sponsored and homegrown terrorist networks. The country has been facing the challenging situations in the form of target killings and bomb blasts. On 16 December 2014 the brutal terrorist attack on Army Public School (APS) in Peshawar Pakistan appeared as major catastrophe, as killing children has become a major puzzle to our understanding of terrorism. This research examines the consequences of extremist attacks in Pakistan while revealing APS attack and argues that communication strategies can be assimilated into policies as preventive measures to minimize extremism and establish peace. To investigate this, qualitative methodology has been used, based on in-depth interviews to provide comprehensive perspectives from field experts and practitioners, affiliated with the same area. Thus, with the observations of 13 Informants, the study revealed that strategic communication for countering violence extremism from both the long-term and short-time strategic approaches are expedient. The study discovered that plausible communication strategies required to counter violent extremist need to underscore preventive communication strategies and consistent use of credible sources of information. In order to support the findings, models were generated through NVivo 10. Finally, it is recommended that communication strategies should convey healthy messages regarding conduct and aptitude to far-reaching populations through media and other sources of communication.